Method and apparatus for line and path selection within SONET/SDH based networks

ABSTRACT

A line level selection unit is described that selects signals from a backplane. The line level selection unit has a clock that times egress time slots associated with an egress network line coupled to the egress channel. The egress channel has a primary protection group table that correlates the egress time slots to a protection group for each ingress signal used to fill the egress time slots. The protection group table has an output coupled to a channel select input of a first multiplexer. The first multiplexer has input values that reflect the status of each protection group for each ingress signal. The first multiplexer has an output coupled to a channel select input of a second multiplexer. The second multiplexer receives a plurality of inputs from a plurality of tables that indicate where an ingress signal may be found on the backplane.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The field of invention relates generally to communication; and morespecifically, to a method and apparatus for line and path selectionwithin SONET/SDH based networks.

BACKGROUND

Protection within SONET Networks

Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH) based networks typically emphasize redundancy. That is forexample, should a particular network line that couples a pair ofnetworking systems (which may also be referred to as “nodes”) within thenetwork fail (or degrade), the network is designed to “switch over” toanother network line so that traffic flow is not substantiallyinterrupted. Various types of redundancy may be designed into a SONETnetwork. Some examples are illustrated in the discussion that follows.

FIG. 1 shows a point-to-point perspective. Point to point redundancyfocuses on the behavior of a pair of nodes 131, 132 that are coupledtogether by a plurality of SONET lines 104 ₁, 104 ₂, . . . 104 _(x−1),104 _(x). Although other point-to-point schemes may be possible, commonpoint-to-point schemes typically include 1+1 and 1:N. Both schemesclassify a network line as either a working line or a protection line. Aworking line is deemed as the “active” line that carries the informationtransported by the network. A protection line serves as a “back-up” fora working line. That is, if a working line fails (or degrades), theprotection line is used to carry the working line's traffic.

In a 1+1 scheme, both the working and protection lines simultaneouslycarry the same traffic. For example, referring to FIG. 1, if line 104 ₁is the working line and line 104 ₂ is the protection line; thetransmitting node 131 simultaneously transmits the same information onboth the working line 104 ₁ and the protection line 104 ₂. The receivingnode 132, during normal operation, “looks to” the working line 104 ₁ forincoming traffic and ignores the incoming traffic on the protection line104 ₂. If a failure or degradation of the working line 104 ₁ isdetected, the receiving node 132 simply “looks to” the protection line104 ₂ for the incoming traffic (rather than the working line 104 ₁).

In a 1:N scheme one protection line backs up N working lines (where N isan integer greater than or equal to 1). For example, referring to FIG.1, lines 104 ₁ through 104 _(x−1) may be established as the workinglines while line 104 _(x) may be established as the protection line. Ifany of the working lines 104 ₁ through 104 _(x−1) fail or degrade, thetransmitting node 131 sends the traffic of the failed/degraded workingline over the protection line 104 _(x). The receiving node 132 also“looks to” the protection line 104 _(x) for the traffic that would havebeen sent over the failed/degraded working line prior to itsfailure/degradation.

FIG. 2 shows a ring perspective. Ring redundancy schemes focus on thebehavior of a plurality of nodes 231 through 234 coupled together in aring. Redundancy is commonly handled by sending identical streams oftraffic in opposite directions. A first direction may be referred to asthe working direction while a second direction may be referred to as theprotection direction. The most commonly used types of ring protectionare Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (UPSR) and Bi-directional LineSwitched Ring (BLSR). In a two-fiber UPSR approach, working traffic issent in a first direction around the ring (e.g., clockwise) andprotection traffic is sent in a second direction around the ring (e.g.,counter-clockwise).

In a Bi-directional Line Switched Ring (BLSR) approach, each pair ofrings are viewed as comprising an “inner” ring and “outer” ring(although note that the rings' actual geographic coverage does notnecessarily have to correspond to the inner ring always being within theouter ring). Typically, for each ring, half of the capacity is allocatedfor working traffic and the other half of the capacity is allocated forprotection traffic. As such, both working traffic and protection trafficflow bi-directionally. In either the UPSR or BLSR approaches, if failureor degradation occurs in the working direction, active traffic is lookedfor in the protection direction.

More sophisticated SONET networks may also be designed that provideprotection at higher degrees of resolution. That is, each SONET line(such as line 104 ₁ of FIG. 1 or line 204 of FIG. 2) may be viewed astransporting a number of STS-1 signals. For example, if lines 104 ₁, and204 each correspond to an STS-n line, each of these lines may be viewedas carrying n STS-1 signals (e.g., an STS-48 line may be viewed ascarrying 48 STS-1 signals). Furthermore, in other environments, eachSTS-1 signal is used as a resource for carrying a plurality of lowerspeed signals.

Protection may be provided for STS-1 signals individually or for theirconstituent lower speed signals individually. Either of these forms ofprotection are commonly referred to as “path protection”. For example,in one type of 1+1 path protection scheme, an individual “working” STS-1signal within an STS-n line (rather than all the STS-1 signals on theSTS-n line) is backed up by a “protection” STS-1 signal transported onanother STS-n line.

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) is a protocol that may be executedby the nodes within a SONET network. APS allows SONET nodes tocommunicate and organize the switching over from their workingconfiguration to a protection configuration in light of a failure ordegradation event (and then back again after the failure/degradation iscorrected). For example, in a typical approach, K1 and K2 bytes areembedded within the SONET frame that is communicated between a pair ofnodes in order to communicate failure/degradation events, requests for aswitch over, correction thereafter, etc.

Distributed Switch Architecture

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a distributed “full mesh” node (or system)architecture 331. The architecture 331 of FIG. 3 may be utilized toimplement a SONET node such as nodes 131, 132 of FIG. 1 or nodes 231through 234 of FIG. 2. An ingress channel receives incoming data from anetworking line. FIG. 3 shows ingress channels 301 ₁ through 301 _(x)that each receive incoming data on a respective network line 303 ₁through 303 _(x).

An egress channel transmits outgoing data onto a networking line. FIG. 3shows egress channels 312 ₁ through 312 _(x) that each transmit outgoingdata on a respective network line 304 ₁ through 304 _(x). In a full mesharchitecture embodiment, each ingress channel 301 ₁ through 301 _(x)transmits all of its ingress traffic to each egress channel 312 ₁through 312 _(x). For example, referring to FIG. 3, ingress channel 301₁ receives n STS-1 signals from its corresponding network line 303 ₁(e.g., if network line 303 ₁ is an OC-48 line; n=48 and the ingress linechannel receives 48 STS-1 signals).

All n of the STS-1 signals received by the ingress channel 301 ₁ aretransmitted across the node's backplane 305 over each of its outputlines 306, 310, 311, 312. A backplane is a board (e.g., a PC or “planar”board) having signal lines that electrically couple various line cardstogether. Typically, individual cards “plug into” a backplane 305 (e.g.,via a card connector) and; in so doing, become communicatively coupledwith one another. As such, plugging a sufficient type and quantity ofcards into a backplane results in the formation of a networking system.Frequently (although not a strict requirement), backplanes have littleor no sophisticated circuitry (e.g., processors, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), etc.) and are substantially a collection of“short circuits” from card to card (although passive devices (e.g.,capacitors, resistors, etc.), line drivers and other signal enhancingchips or devices are often found on a typical backplane).

Continuing with the discussion of the full mesh embodiment of FIG. 3,note that each egress channel 312 ₁ through 312 _(x) receives all nSTS-1 signals received by ingress channel 303 ₁. In one approach, eachSTS-1 signal is provided its own signal line to each egress channel. Asa result, each output 306, 310, 311, 312 corresponds to a n-wide bus. Aseach ingress channel is similarly designed, each egress channel 312 ₁through 312 _(x) receives all the incoming traffic received by the node.For example, in the particular example of FIG. 3, there are x ingresschannels 301 ₁ through 301 _(x) that each receive n STS-1 signal. Assuch, each egress channel 312 ₁ through 312 _(x) receives xn STS-1signals (which correspond to the total amount of traffic received by thenode 331).

For example, note that egress channel 312 ₁ receives inputs 306 ₁through 306 _(x) where each of these inputs correspond to the n STS-1signals received by their corresponding ingress channel (i.e., input 306for ingress channel 301 ₁, input 307 for ingress channel 301 ₂, input308 for ingress channel 301 ₃, . . . and input 309 for ingress channel301 _(x)). In order to implement the switching fabric of the node, eachegress channel 312 ₁ through 312 _(x) is configured to select n of thexn STS-1 signals and transmit the n STS-1 signals over its correspondingoutgoing networking line 304 ₁ through 304 _(x).

Note that there is a distinction between a line card and a channel. Aline card is a card that can be coupled to one or more network lines. Achannel is a data path within a line card that handles traffic flow in aparticular direction (e.g., ingress or egress). As such, a line cardhaving both ingress and egress connectivity will have both an ingresschannel and an egress channel. Thus, for example, the ingress channel301 ₁ and the egress channel 312 ₁ may coexist upon the same line card.

In other distributed switch architecture embodiments, each ingresschannel 301 ₁ through 301 _(x) transmits less than all of its ingresstraffic to each egress channel 312 ₁ through 312 _(x). For example,referring again to FIG. 3, if ingress channel 301 ₁ receives n STS-1signals from its corresponding network line 303 ₁—less than all n of theSTS-1 signals received by the ingress channel 301 ₁ are transmittedacross the node's backplane 305 over each of its output lines 306, 310,311, . . . 312.

This reduced amount of backplane 305 traffic (as compared to the “fullmesh” approach described above) may be achieved by designing some degreeof switching intelligence into the ingress channels 301 ₁ through 301_(x) themselves. As a result, each ingress channel 301 ₁ through 301_(x) transmits a subset of all n of the STS-1 signals it receives. Notethat the actual electrical signal lines used to transport STS-1 signalsacross the backplane 305 may also vary from embodiment (regardless ofthe backplane is a full mesh backplane or is less than a full meshbackplane). For example, in one approach STS-1 signals from the sameframe may be transported in parallel (e.g., as suggested by FIG. 3) orin series (e.g., STS-1 signals from the same frame are transported in atime division multiplexed fashion)

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and notlimitation, in the Figures of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows a point to point SONET networking perspective.

FIG. 2 shows a ring SONET networking perspective.

FIG. 3 shows a full mesh distributed switch architecture.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of an egress channel.

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a line level selection unit that may beused for the line level selection unit of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a path level selection unit that may beused for the path level selection unit of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a configuration for a node thatreceives information having line level protection.

FIG. 8 a shows a table that may be used to implement line levelprotection for according to a 1+1 protection scheme.

FIG. 8 b shows a pair of tables that may be used to implement line levelprotection for according to a 1:n 1:n protection scheme.

FIG. 9 a shows a protection group table that may be used to implementthe protection configuration that is discussed with respect to FIGS. 7through 8 b.

FIG. 9 b shows a configuration strategy for determining the appropriatesecond multiplexer channel select value of FIG. 5.

FIG. 9 c shows a methodology that may be executed by the line levelselection unit of FIG. 5.

FIG. 10 a shows an exemplary embodiment of a configuration for a nodethat receives information having path level protection.

FIG. 10 b shows a first methodology that may be executed by the egresschannel architecture of FIG. 4.

FIG. 10 c shows a second methodology that may be executed by the egresschannel architecture of FIG. 4.

FIGS. 11 a and 11 b show embodiments of a primary normal operation tableand secondary normal operation table.

FIG. 12 shows various configurations for the path level selection unit602 embodiment of FIG. 6 in response to various STS1 signal conditionsassociated with exemplary configuration of FIG. 10 a and FIGS. 11 a and11 b.

FIG. 13 shows an exemplary embodiment of a configuration for a node thattransmits information having line level protection.

FIG. 14 a through 14 d show tables that may be used for the 1:nprotection scheme depicted in FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of a primary protection group table that maybe employed in order to implement the 1:n protection scheme depicted inFIG. 13.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

1.0 Overview

A SONET node architecture that supports a wide selection of differentredundancy schemes provides customers with a wide variety of protectionoptions. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment 412 of an egress channel that atleast supports 1+1, 1:N, UPSR and BLSR based redundancy schemes. Theegress channel 412 of FIG. 4 may be used within the full meshdistributed switch architecture (or less than a full mesh architecture)as described in the background. For example, within a full meshbackplane system, egress channel 412 of FIG. 4 may correspond to any ofthe egress channels 312 ₁ through 312 _(x) observed in FIG. 3.

The egress channel 412 of FIG. 4 transmits outgoing data onto egressnetworking line 404. The outgoing data may also be referred to as egresstraffic 409. The egress traffic 409 is presented to a framing and lineinterface unit 403 (at the input 410 to the framing and line interfaceunit 403). In an embodiment, the framing and line interface unit 403formats the egress traffic 409 into a SONET frame and transmits it overegress networking line 404. A frame, as known in the art, is theorganization of the flow of information that exists upon a network line.

In the case of SONET frames, traditionally, each frame may be viewed ascarrying “n” synchronous payload envelopes (SPEs) of 810 bytes.Therefore, as seen in FIG. 4, the egress traffic 409 provided to theframing and line interface unit 403 may be viewed as a time divisionmultiplexed (TDM) structure that carries n SPEs for each frame unit. Forexample, as seen in FIG. 4, egress traffic 409 includes: 1) SPEs 416 ₁,416 ₂, 416 ₃, . . . , 416 _(n) within a first frame unit 413; 2) SPEs417 ₁, 417 ₂, 417 ₃, . . . , 417 _(n) within a second frame unit 414; 3)SPEs 418 ₁, 418 ₂, 418 ₃, . . . , 418 _(n) within a third frame 415unit, etc.

The framing performed by the framing and line interface unit 403effectively maps the structure of the egress traffic 409 into a SONETframe. As such, for example, the first frame unit 413 corresponds to afirst SONET frame that is transmitted on networking line 404, the secondframe unit 414 corresponds to a second SONET frame that is transmittedon networking line 404, the third frame unit 415 corresponds to a thirdSONET frame that is transmitted on networking line 404, etc.

For SONET frame transmission, in an embodiment, the time consumed byeach frame unit within the egress traffic 409 (e.g., time T1 for frameunit 413, time T2 for frame unit 414, and time T3 for frame unit 415)corresponds to 125 us regardless of the number of SPEs carried per frameunit (i.e., “n”). Furthermore, the number of SPEs carried per frame unitmay remain constant from frame unit to frame unit. Thus, the number ofSPEs carried per frame unit is indicative of the network line speed.

For example, egress traffic 409 having only one SPE per frame unit(i.e., n=1) corresponds to a SONET line speed of 51.840 Mbs (i.e., 810bytes every 125 us). Similarly, egress traffic 409 having three SPEs perframe unit (i.e., n=3) corresponds to a SONET line speed of 155.52 Mbs(i.e., 2430 bytes every 125 us), egress traffic 409 having forty eightSPEs per frame unit (i.e., n=48) corresponds to a SONET line speed of2.488 Gb/s (i.e., 38880 bytes every 125 us), etc. Note that if theapplicable networking line is optical “OC” is typically used instead of“STS” (e.g., OC-3, OC-48, etc.).

One SPE per 125 us is referred to as an STS-1 signal. Thus, a 51.840 MbsSONET networking line carries a single STS-1 signal; a 155.52 Mbs SONETnetworking line carries three STS-1 signals; and a 2.488 Gb/s SONETnetworking line carries forty eight STS-1 signals. Typically, each STS-1signal may be viewed as corresponding to the same SPE position acrossdifferent frame units. That is, a first STS-1 signal corresponds to SPEs416 ₁, 417 ₁, and 418 ₁; a second STS-1 signal corresponds to SPEs 416₂, 417 ₂, 418 ₂; etc.,. Another type of frame, referred to as SDH framesuse STM-1 signals rather than STS-1 signals. The framing associated withthe framing and line interface unit 403 may be SONET, SDH and others.

Note that the discussion of the egress traffic 409 provided above may beviewed as being more conceptual that structural. That is, the actualstructure of the flow of egress data that is provided to the framing andline interface unit 403 may differ from the TDM structure 409 observedin FIG. 4. For example, as one alternate approach, information for eachegress STS-1 signal is loaded “in parallel” into the framing and lineinterface unit 403.

Also, the framing and line interface unit 403 may include an optic orelectrical transmitter depending on whether the outbound network line404 is an optical or electrical cable. Note that the outbound networkline 404 may be implemented with a plurality of outbound network linesin a “striped” fashion. For example, an OC-48 outbound network line 404may actually be implemented with four OC-12 outbound network lines.Thus, in various embodiments, the framing and line interface unit 403may be designed to distribute the traffic from the backplane over aplurality of outbound networking lines.

In the egress channel architecture 412 of FIG. 4, the egress traffic 409is provided by a path level selection unit 402. The path level selectionunit 402,as described in more detail below, “puts together” the streamof egress traffic 409 as well as implements “path level” protection forthose STS-1 signals that were originally received (at an ingresschannel) as path protected signals. Note that, each ingress STS-1 signalthat is protected at the “path level” (or, in other words, was receivedwith “path protection” or “path level protection” or is “pathprotected”), may be viewed as having a two sources: a working STS-1signal and a protection STS-1 signal. These separate sources aretypically associated with different ingress lines

Accordingly, for those STS-1 signals being emitted as egress traffic 409(that were received as “path protected” ingress STS-1 signals), theworking STS-1 signals are provided at the primary input 425 and theprotection STS-1 signals are provided at the secondary input 426. In anembodiment, for each “path protected” ingress STS-1 signal, the pathlevel selection unit 402 is designed to incorporate (e.g., “select”) theworking STS-1 signal (at primary input 425) as egress traffic 409 unlessthe working STS-1 signal fails (e.g., “disappears”) or degrades.

If the working STS-1 signal fails or degrades (for a path protectedingress STS-1 signal), the path level selection unit 402 “switches over”to the secondary input 426 as the new source for that STS-1 signal. As aresult, the egress traffic 409 will be formed with the protection STS-1signal from secondary input 426 (in replace of the failed or degradedworking STS-1 signal). In this manner, path level protection is builtinto the switch fabric of the node. That is, the failure of a (working)path protected ingress STS-1 signal is transparent to the egress traffic409 because the path level selection unit 402 can replace the failedsignal with its protection (i.e., replacement) signal located at theprimary input 426.

For those ingress STS-1 signals that were not received with path levelprotection, the path level selection unit 402 simply looks to theprimary input 425 as the sole source for these signals. That is, STS-1signals that were not received with path protection may be viewed (atthe path level) as having only one source (which corresponds to primaryinput 425). As such, for any node configuration (and regardless as towhich, if any, STS-1 signals were received with path level protection),the primary source for the egress traffic 409 is presented at primaryinput 425.

Thus, during the normal or nominal operating mode (were no failure ordegradations have occurred), the path level selection unit 402 simply“repeats” the primary, working traffic 407 (i.e., the data stream 407provided at the primary input 425) at its output in order to form theegress traffic 409. For those STS-1 signals in the egress traffic 409that were received with path level protection, a duplicate set of STS-1signals are provided at the secondary input 426 (which corresponds tosecondary, protection traffic 408).

An STS-1 signal from the secondary traffic 408 will be chosen for theegress traffic 409 if its working counterpart in the primary, workingtraffic 407 begins to fail or degrade. Note that, unless all the STS-1signals within the egress traffic 409 were originally received with pathlevel protection, the secondary, protection data stream 408 shouldcorrespond to less total traffic than the primary, working data stream407. Note also that, again, that the actual structure of the primary andsecondary data streams that are provided to the path level selectionunit 402 may differ from the TDM structures 408, 407 observed in FIG. 4.For example, as one alternate approach, each stream may be loaded “inparallel” into the path level selection unit 403.

In light of the discussion above, the line level selection unit 401 isresponsible for forming the primary data stream 407 and the secondarydata stream 408 as well as implementing line level protection for thoseingress STS-1 signals that were received on a protected ingress networkline. As such, those STS-1 signals that were received on a protectedingress network line will be unaffected (as observed at either theprimary or secondary outputs 425, 426 of the line level selection unit401) if their working network line fails because the line levelselection unit 401 will be able to “switch over” so as to recognize eachapplicable protection line as the new source for these signals.

2.0 Line Level Protection

The line level selection unit 401 selects the appropriate ingress STS-1signals for the primary and secondary data streams 407, 408 from thebackplane 405. As discussed, the backplane 405 can correspond to a fullmesh backplane (or less than a full mesh backplane) as described in thebackground. In any case, in a distributed approach, it is typical thatmore ingress STS-1 signals than those needed to generate the primary andsecondary data streams 407, 408 are received by the line level selectionunit 401 (from the backplane 405).

As such, the line level selection unit 401 “selects” an appropriatesubset of the ingress STS-1 signals it receives from the backplane 405in order to generate the primary and secondary data streams 407, 408,which, in turn, corresponds to a portion of the overall system'sswitching fabric being implemented by the egress channel 412. FIG. 5shows an embodiment of line selection unit 501 that may be used for theline selection unit 401 of FIG. 4. FIG. 5 will be used to support adiscussion (that follows immediately below) of line level protection, aswell as the generation of the primary and secondary data streams 407,408.

Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, ingress STS-1 signals that that are used toform the primary data stream 407 are specified by the primary selectline 512 and ingress STS-1 signals that that are used to form thesecondary data stream 407 are specified by the secondary select line511. In response to the specifications respectively provided by theselect lines 511, 512, a stream of selected signals are presented at theprimary traffic output 525 (which provides the primary data stream) anda stream of selected signals are presented at the secondary trafficoutput 526.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, time division multiplexed (TDM) streams ofprimary and secondary traffic can be serially issued (as observed instreams 407, 408 of FIG. 4) at their respective outputs 525, 526. If theprimary and secondary select lines 512, 511 indicate each ingress STS-1signal to be selected by cyclically referring to each ingress STS-1signal, a TDM stream may be created where each cycle corresponds to adifferent frame unit.

For example, referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, each of the ingress STS-1signals that may be used for a primary STS-1 signal are individuallyreferred to by the secondary select line 511 over the span of time T1.That is, referring to FIG. 4, the first ingress STS-1 signal is referredto at time Ta, the second ingress STS-1 signal is referred to at timeTb, the third ingress STS-1 signal is referred to at time Tc, etc. Whenthe last ingress STS-1 signal has been referred to, the cycle repeatsover the span of time T2.

That is, the aforementioned first ingress STS-1 signal is next referredto at time Td, the aforementioned second ingress STS-1 signal is nextreferred to at time Te, the aforementioned third ingress STS-1 signal isnext referred to at time Tf, etc. As such, a TDM stream of primarytraffic 407 is naturally formed. A TDM stream of secondary traffic 408may be naturally formed in a similar manner. However, as alluded toabove, note that the secondary stream will not be filled (i.e., STS-1signals will be missing from various time slots) unless each STS-1signal in the primary stream 407 is path level protected.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the egress slot clock 510 times thefrequency at which backplane references are made on the primary selectline 512 and the secondary select line 511. For example, referring toFIG. 4, the egress slot clock 510 may “tick” for each ingress STS-1signal to be extracted from the backplane 505 (e.g., at times Ta, Tb,Tc, . . . , etc. as seen in FIG. 4). The temporal position of eachingress STS-1 reference may be referred to as an egress time slot (orsimply, a time slot or slot). Thus, time Ta corresponds to a first timeslot, time Tb corresponds to a second time slot, time Tc corresponds tothird time slot, etc.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the egress slot clock 510 times the rate atwhich a series of look-up operations are performed in order to providethe appropriate stream of ingress STS-1 signal references on the primaryselect line 512 and the secondary select line 511. In the embodiment ofFIG. 5, an ingress STS-1 signal is referenced by looking up a pointer toa particular cross connect table where the reference to the ingressSTS-1 signal is found. A cross connect table may be implemented with amemory, register or other data storage device or element.

FIG. 7 may be used to support an example of such a process (noting thatFIG. 6 represents an embodiment of the path level selection unit 402which will be discussed in more detail further below). FIG. 7 shows anexemplary embodiment of a node 731 having line level protection.According to the example of FIG. 7, egress channel 712 ₁ corresponds toan egress channel that transmits a collection of STS-1 signals that wereoriginally received as egress STS-1 signals on ingress channels 701 ₁through 701 ₆.

That is, as shown in W CC Table 1 709 a 1 of FIG. 7, the egress trafficof egress channel 712 ₁ (which corresponds to a portion of the egresstraffic 409 of FIG. 4) is organized according to the following strategyduring normal operating conditions:

-   -   1) the first three ingress STS-1 signals that are received at        ingress channel 701 ₁ upon the “W0” ingress networking line 703        ₁ (i.e., ingress signals: W0_STS1_1, W0_STS1_2, and W0_STS1_3)        are transmitted by the egress channel 712 ₁ as the first three        egress STS-1 signals upon egress networking line 704 ₁ (i.e.,        STS1 egress signals: 1, 2 and 3);    -   2) the first three ingress STS-1 signals that are received at        ingress channel 701 ₂ upon the “W1” ingress networking line 703        ₂ (i.e., ingress signals: W1_STS1_1, W1_STS1_2, and W1_STS1_3)        are transmitted by the egress channel 712 ₁ as the fourth, fifth        and sixth egress STS-1 signals upon egress networking line 704 ₁        (i.e., STS1 egress signals: 4, 5 and 6);    -   3) the first three ingress STS-1 signals that are received at        ingress channel 701 ₄ upon the “W2 a” ingress networking line        703 ₄ (i.e., ingress signals: W2 a_STS1_1, W2 a_STS1_2, and W2        a_STS1_3) are transmitted by the egress channel 712 ₁ as the        seventh, eight and ninth egress STS-1 signals upon egress        networking line 704 ₁ (i.e., STS1 egress signals: 7, 8 and 9);        and    -   4) the fourth, fifth and sixth ingress STS-1 signals that are        received at ingress channel 701 ₅ upon the “W2 b” ingress        networking line 703 ₅ (i.e., ingress signals: W2 b_STS1_4, W2        b_STS1_5, and W2 b_STS1_6) are transmitted by the egress channel        712 ₁ as the tenth, eleventh and twelfth egress STS-1 signals        upon egress networking line 704 ₁ (i.e., STS1 egress signals:        10, 11 and 12)

Note that the above described exemplary configuration may be viewed asjust a portion of the overall configuration for egress channel 712 ₁ andnode 731. That is, if egress networking line 704 ₁ corresponds to anOC-48 line, the egress line 704 ₁ can support the transmission of 36more egress STS-1 signals. Likewise, the node 731 can support moreingress channels and egress channels than those depicted in FIG. 7.Further still, note that the egress channel 712 ₁ may receive more STS-1signals from the backplane 705 than those employed as egress trafficfrom egress channel 712 ₁. As such, the switching fabric of the node isconstructed in a distributed fashion where each egress channel plays arole in the selection of the ingress STS-1 signals that it willsubsequently transmit as egress traffic.

Note that different types of redundancy are built into the exemplarynodal configuration of FIG. 7. That is, ingress line W0 703 ₁ is an“unprotected” line, ingress line W1 703 ₂ is a working line that isprotected, in a 1+1 fashion, by protection line P1 703 ₃; and, ingresslines W2 a 703 ₄ and W2 b 703 ₅ are both protected, in 1:2 fashion(i.e., a 1:n fashion where n=2), by protection line P2 703 ₆. During“normal” operation the working ingress lines W0 703 _(1,) W1 703 ₂, W2 a703 ₄ and W2 b 703 ₅ are each operating properly (i.e., all are “up”)and the STS-1 signal selection performed by the egress channel 712 ₁corresponds to that reflected (and just discussed) within W CC Table 1709 a 1.

Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 7, note that the contents of the W CC Table1 709 a 1 of FIG. 7 (or similarly organized information) may be storedwithin the W CC Table_(—)1 509 a 1 of FIG. 5. During normal operation(where each ingress working line W0, W1, W2 a and W2 b is “up”) thecontents of W CC Table_(—)1 509 a 1 (which may be referred to as the“normal operating” table) are used as a resource for “looking up” theappropriate STS-1 signal references that are generated on the primaryselect line 511. Looking up is a process in which a first, inputvariable (e.g., as represented in the left hand column of table 709 a 1of FIG. 7) is used to generate a second, output variable (e.g., asrepresented in the right hand column of table 709 a 1 of FIG. 7).

Thus, if the left hand column of the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709a 1 corresponds to each individual egress STS-1 signal time slot and theright hand column of the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1corresponds to a reference as to where the indicated ingress STS-1signal can be found on the backplane 505, with each next tick of theegress slot clock 510, a reading from the next entry in the table 509 a1, 709 a 1 is performed. As a result of the looking up process, theproper stream of ingress STS-1 signal references will be generated onthe primary select line 512.

For example, if the current time slot corresponds to the first egresstime slot (i.e., the “1” entry in the left hand column of the normaloperating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 a value of “W0_STS1_(—)1” will be readfrom the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 and provided at theoutput 512 of the second multiplexer 504 a. As a result (viewing theright hand entries of the table 709 a 1 as a backplane reference to theindicated STS-1 signal), the first STS-1 signal from the W0 working line703 ₁ will be selected from the backplane 505 (by the backplaneselection unit 506) and presented at primary output 525 (whichcorresponds to primary line 425 of FIG. 4).

Upon the next clock egress slot clock 510 “tick”, the next entry in thenormal operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 is looked up (i.e., time slot #2which produces a reference to the W0_STS1_2 ingress signal upon theprimary select line 512) which results in the W0_STS1_2 ingress signalbeing presented at the primary output 525. In this manner, by moving tothe next entry in the main operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 a continuousstream of the appropriate primary STS-1 signals will be presented at theprimary output 525. After reaching the “nth” egress slot clock tick, thenext egress slot clock tick simply rolls over back to the first tableentry.

Looking up is the act of retrieving stored information. Looking up maybe performed in any of number of ways that are known in the artincluding (but not limited to) those techniques that employ customsemiconductor logic (e.g., with an ASIC chip) that controls the look-upprocedure from a semiconductor memory chip or memory region of asemiconductor chip (or register space, etc.); or a general purposeprocessor that executes software configured to perform the lookups frommemory coupled to the processor. Looking up from a memory chip or memoryregion may be performed by addressing the appropriate memory locationduring a read operation so as to observe the memory contents at theindicated address.

Before continuing, note that the backplane may be designed to correlateeach ingress STS-1 signal with the particular line card and SONET framelocation it arrived on. Hence, the format for the description of theoutput contents of the W CC table 709 a 2 of FIG. 7 (e.g., whichreference a particular location on the backplane 505) may have anexpress or implicit reference to the particular line card, ingressnetwork line and time slot thereon that the ingress signal arrived upon.

Thus, to review thus far, during normal operation (when each of theworking ingress lines are “up”), the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709a 1 is used to generate the appropriate STS-1 signal references on theprimary select line 512. As such, the second multiplexer 504 a channelselect value (which is provided by the first multiplexer 507 a) enablesthe output of the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 throughout thelookup process during normal operational mode.

Referring now to FIG. 7, recall that ingress line W0 703 ₁ is an“unprotected” line, ingress line W1 703 ₂ is a working line that isprotected, in a 1+1 fashion, by protection line P1 703 ₃; and, ingresslines W2 a 703 ₄ and W2 b 703 ₅ are both protected, in 1:2 fashion(i.e., a 1:n fashion where n=2), by protection line P2 703 ₆. Should,any of the working ingress lines begin to fail or degrade, the egresschannel 712 ₁ will react so as to “switch over” to recognition of itsprotection line (if one exists) as the source for the appropriate STS-1signals.

For example, should working line W1 703 ₂ fail or degrade (i.e. go“down”), protection line P1 703 ₃ will be recognized as the new sourcefor the ingress STS-1 signals that are to be transmitted along egressnetwork line 704 ₁ as egress STS-1 signals in time slots 4, 5 and 6. Ina sense then, it may be said that the protection ingress STS-1 signalsfrom ingress network line P1 703 ₃ replace those from ingress networkline W1 703 ₂. In so doing, referring to FIGS. 5 and 7, it may be saidthat the egress line channel 712 ₁ (and in particular the line levelselection unit 501) deviates from the “normal operating” mode describedabove.

As a result of the deviation from the normal operating mode, theactivity of continuously looking up (in a round robin fashion) only theentries from the normal operating table W CC Table_(—)1 509 a 1, 709 a 1will result in improper operation because it results in the selection ofSTS-1 signals from a “down” line during time slots 4, 5 and 6. That is,if only the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 continues to beused, the STS-1 signals from the “down” working line W1 703 ₂ (i.e.,STS1 signals: W1_STS1_1, W1_STS2_2, and W1_STS_3) will continue to bereferenced.

As such a second table may be used to replace or “patch” the defectdescribed above in the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1. FIG. 8 ashows an embodiment of such a table. The table of FIG. 8 a, W CCTable_(—)2 809 a 2 may be viewed as corresponding to the contents oftable W CC Table_(—)2 509 a 2 of FIG. 5. Referring then to FIGS. 5, 7and 8 a, if working line W1 goes “down”, the line selection unit 501 maybe viewed as operating in normal operating mode unless signals from theW1 ingress network line 703 ₂ are to be selected from the backplane 505.

That is, for each egress clock 510 cycle that corresponds to a time slotother than time slots 4, 5 and 6, the output from the normal operatingtable 509 a 1, 709 a 1 is provided along the primary select line 512.However, for those egress clock 510 cycles that correspond to time slots4, 5 and 6, the output from the W CC Table 2 509 a 2, 809 a 2 isprovided along the primary select line 512. Looking at the entrieswithin the W CC Table 2 809 a 2 embodiment of FIG. 8 a, note that theyproperly reference the protection STS-1 signals (P1_STS1_1, P1_STS1_2,and P1_STS1_3) that are provided on ingress network line P1 703 ₃ ofFIG. 7.

The ability to switch between the output of the normal operating table509 a 1 (for egress clock cycles other than clock cycles 4, 5 and 6) andthe output of the W CC Table 2 509 a 2 (for egress clock cycles 4, 5 and6) in case the W1 ingress network line goes down, arises from thechannel select value of the second multiplexer 504 a. As observed inFIG. 5, the channel select value for the second multiplexer 504 a isprovided by the first multiplexer 507 a.

As such, if working ingress line W1 fails (and all other working ingresslines remain “up”), the values provided at the first multiplexer 507 aoutput will toggle between a first value that forces the selection ofthe normal operating table 509 a 1 output (for egress clock 510 cyclesother than cycles 4, 5 and 6) and a second value that forces theselection of the W CC Table 2 509 a 2 output (for egress clock 510cycles 4, 5 and 6).

In this manner, ingress signals from a protection line are used toreplace those from a failed working line. A technique for properlymodulating the value of the first multiplexer 507 a output is describedin more detail further below. Before discussing an embodiment of thisoperation, however, please refer to FIG. 8 b which shows additionaltables that may be used to recover from the failure of working line W2 a703 ₄ and working line W2 b 703 ₅ (that are each shown in FIG. 7).

Consistent with the discussion above, W CC Table 3 809 a 3 of FIG. 8 amay be viewed as corresponding to W CC Table 3 509 a 3 of FIG. 5 and WCC Table 4 809 a 4 of FIG. 8 a may be viewed as corresponding to afollowing W CC Table 4 within the line selection unit 501 that is notdrawn in FIG. 5 for simplicity (but would be drawn next to W CC Table 3509 a 3 of FIG. 5 if it were otherwise). In accordance with thisexample, the W CC Table 3 509 a 3, 809 a 3 is employed if the W2 aworking ingress network line goes down and the W CC Table 4 809 a 4 isemployed if the W2 b working ingress network line goes down. The mannerof replacement can be similar to that described above with respect to WCC Table 2 509 a 2, 809 a 2 described just above.

That is, if the W2 a line goes down (and all other working lines remain“up”), the values provided at the first multiplexer 507 a output willtoggle between a first value that forces the selection of the normaloperating table 509 a 1 output (for egress clock 510 cycles other thancycles 7 though 12) and a second value that forces the selection of theW CC Table 3 509 a 3 output (for egress clock 510 cycles 7 though 12).Note that clock cycles 7 through 12 employ the W CC Table 3 509 a 3.

In an alternative approach, only clock cycles 7 though 9 could haveemployed the W CC Table 3 509 a 3 because only clock cycles 7 through 9correspond to ingress STS1 signals that travel on the downed workingline W2 a. As such, only the entries for the 7^(th), 8^(th) and 9^(th)clock cycles within W CC Table 3 809 a 3 of FIG. 8 b reference an STS1signal from the P2 protection line (which corresponds to the P2 ingressnetwork line 703 ₆ of FIG. 7).

Thus, as seen in within the W CC Table 3 809 a 3 of FIG. 8 b, theentries for the 7^(th), 8^(th) and 9^(th) clock cycles are P2_STS1_1,P2_STS1_2 and P2_STS1_3. Nevertheless, it is perfectly suitable toarrange the tables as observed in FIG. 8 b in which a failure within 1:nprotection group causes working and protection (not just protection)STS1 signals to reference by the “patch” table that effectively correctsfor the defect in the normal operating table 509 a 1. A correspondingtable W CC Table 4 809 a 4 that is used if the W2 b working line “goesdown” is also provided in FIG. 8 b. Note that, in this case, the10^(th), 11^(th) and 12^(th) egress clock 510 cycles reference the P2protection line.

Referring to FIG. 5, the immediately following discussion will detail anapproach for controlling the first multiplexer 507 a channel selectvalue so that appropriate tables 509 a 1 through 509 ax are employedover the course of each egress clock 510 cycle and over the course ofcertain events such as various working line failures, etc. Inparticular, an embodiment is presented of the contents of the primaryprotection group table 508 a and the input values that may be providedto the first multiplexer 507 a (PG0 STAT A, PG1 STAT A through PGY STATA) in order to implement the nodal configuration discussed above withrespect to FIGS. 7, 8 a and 8 b.

In particular, referring to FIG. 7, note that groups of network linesthat have a protection relationship may be referred to as a “protectiongroup.” For example, a protection group may be viewed as the collectionof working lines that are protected by a particular line (where theprotection line is deemed to be included in the protection group). Forexample, recall from FIG. 7 that the W1 working line 703 ₂ is protected(in a 1+1 fashion) by the P1 protection line 703 ₃. As such, ingressnetworking lines 703 ₂ and 703 ₃ may be viewed as belonging to the sameprotection group (i.e., a first protection group (PG) labeled as “PG1”in FIG. 7).

Similarly, recall from FIG. 7 that the W2 a and W2 b working lines 703₄, 703 ₅ are both protected (in a 1:n fashion) by the P2 protection line703 ₆. As such, ingress networking lines 703 ₄, 703 ₅ and 703 ₆ may beviewed as belonging to a second protection group (i.e., a secondprotection group labeled as “PG2” in FIG. 7). Referring to FIGS. 5, 7and 9 a, note that the primary protection group table 908 a of FIG. 9 amay be viewed as an embodiment of the contents that may be stored withinthe primary protection group table 508 a of FIG. 5.

Again, the left hand contents of the table 908 a correspond to eachegress slot clock 510 tick. The right hand column (“ApplicableProtection Group”) represents the applicable protection group that actsa source for the selected STS-1 signal for the specific egress clock 510tick. For example, clock cycles 4, 5 and 6 in the primary protectiongroup table 908 a reference the first protection group “PG1”. Recallthat the 4th, 5th and 6th egress clock cycles are used for STS-1 signalsfrom: 1) the W1 ingress line 703 ₂ (if it is “up”) as described withrespect to the normal operating table W CC Table_(—)1 709 a 1 of FIG. 7;or 2) the P1 ingress line 703 ₃ (if the W1 ingress line is down) asdescribed with respect to the W CC Table_(—)2 embodiment 809 a 2 of FIG.8 a.

As such, the STS-1 signals associated with the 4^(th), 5^(th) and 6^(th)egress clock 510 cycles may be viewed as being selected from the firstprotection group PG1, regardless if the working line W1 of the PG1protection group is up or down. The primary protection group table 908 areflects this relationship and, as such, represents a listing of eachprotection group that acts as the source for the selected STS-1 signalfor each egress slot clock 510 “tick”. Thus, in a similar fashion, theprimary protection group table 908 a embodiment of FIG. 9 a lists “PG2”as the source of the STS-1 signals that are selected during clock cycles7 through 12.

Again, this is consistent with the operation of the line level selectionunit 501 as discussed above with respect to the normal operating table WCC Table_(—)1 709 a 1 embodiment of FIG. 7 and the W CC Table_(—)2 809 a2 and W CC Table_(—)3 809 a 3 table embodiments of FIG. 8 b. As such,for each egress slot clock 510 tick, an applicable protection groupvalue is looked up from the primary PG table 508 a and provided to thefirst multiplexer 507 a. That is, the output of the primary PG table 508a corresponds to the particular protection group that acts as the sourcefor the STS-1 signal to be selected from the backplane 505 for thepresent clock cycle.

The first multiplexer 507 a is configured with a different input foreach protection group handled by the line selection unit 501. That is,the first multiplexer has: 1) a PG0 STAT A input which corresponds tothe unprotected W0 working line 703 ₁ of FIG. 7 (the operation of whichis described toward the end of this discussion); 2) a PG1 STAT A inputwhich corresponds to the first protection group PG1; 3) a PG2 STAT Ainput which corresponds to the second protection group PG2, etc. Theapplication of the primary protection group table 508 a output to thechannel select of the first multiplexer 507 a effectively enables thecorresponding first multiplexer 507 a input as the channel select valuefor the second multiplexer 504 a channel select value.

That is, referring to FIGS. 5 and 9 a: 1) a primary protection grouptable 908 a output value of PG0 (e.g., as observed in FIG. 9 a for thefirst three clock cycles) will provide the PG0 STAT A value at thechannel select for the second multiplexer 504 a; 2) a primary protectiongroup table 908 a output value of PG1 (e.g., as observed in FIG. 9 a forthe 4^(th), 5^(th) and 6^(th) clock cycles) will provide the PG1 STAT Avalue at the channel select for the second multiplexer 504 a; and 3) aprimary protection group table 908 a output value of PG2 (e.g., asobserved in FIG. 9 a for the 7^(th) through 12^(th) clock cycles) willprovide the PG2 STAT A value at the channel select for the secondmultiplexer 504 a;, etc.

Therefore, by correlating the status of the working ingress lines withina protection group to the value of the STAT A parameter for thatprotection group, the proper W CC Tables can be selected for each STS 1signal selected by the line level selection unit 501 (e.g., by selectingan STS1 signal from the normal operating table W CC Table 1 509 a 1 ifall the working lines within a protection group are up; or,alternatively, selecting from another table that acts to “patch” adefect in the normal operating table because a working line has gonedown). As such, the STAT A values effectively control which W CC Tablesare employed. FIG. 9 b demonstrates an embodiment of these correlationsbetween the status of the working lines and the various STAT A values.

Note that in the embodiment of FIG. 9 b that: 1) a STAT A value of “1”means that the table to be selected from corresponds to the normaloperating table W CC Table_(—)1 509 a 1, 709 a 1; 2) a STAT A value of“2” means that the table to be selected from corresponds to W CCTable_(—)2 509 a 2, 809 a 2; 3) a STAT A value of “3” means that thetable to be selected from corresponds to W CC Table_(—)3 509 a 3, 809 a3; and 4) a STAT A value of “4” means that the table to be selected fromcorresponds to W CC Table_(—)4 809 a 4. As such, as observed in thecorrelation of FIG. 9 b, starting with the first row of listings in FIG.9 b:

-   -   1) if all of the working lines are “up” (W0, W1, W2 a, W2 b        “up”) the normal operating 509 a 1, 709 a 1 is used for all of        the STS-1 signals (within the first twelve clock cycles)—this        corresponds to the normal operating mode for these clock cycles;    -   2) if only working line W1 goes down (W1 “down”), W CC        Table_(—)2 509 a 2, 809 a 2 is employed for the 4^(th), 5^(th)        and 6^(th) clock cycles—otherwise the normal operating table 509        a 1, 709 a 1 is employed;    -   3) if only the W2 a working line goes down (W2 a “down”), W CC        Table_(—)3 509 a 3, 809 a 3 is employed for the 7^(th) through        12^(th) clock cycles—otherwise the normal operating table 509 a        1, 709 a 1 is employed;    -   4) if only the W1 and W2 a working lines go down (W1 “down”, W2        a “down”), the W CC Table_(—)2 509 a 2, 809 a 2 is employed for        the 4^(th) through 6^(th) clock cycles and W CC Table_(—)3 509 a        3, 809 a 3 is employed for the 7^(th) through 12^(th) clock        cycles—otherwise the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 is        employed;    -   5) if only the W1 and W2 b working lines go down (W1 “down”, W2        b “down”), the W CC Table_(—)2 509 a 2, 809 a 2 is employed for        the 4^(th) through 6^(th) clock cycles and the W CC Table_(—)4        809 a 4 is employed for the 7^(th) through 12^(th) clock        cycles—otherwise the normal operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 is        employed;    -   6) if only the W1, W2 a and W2 b working lines go down (W1        “down”, W2 a “down”, W2 b “down”), the W CC Table_(—)2 509 a 2,        809 a 2 is employed for the 4^(th) through 6^(th) clock cycles        and the W CC Table_(—)3 509 a 3, 809 a 3 is employed for the        7^(th) through 12^(th) clock cycles—otherwise the normal        operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 is employed;    -   7) if only the W2 a and W2 b working lines go down (W2 a “down”,        W2 b “down”), W CC Table_(—)3 509 a 3, 809 a 3 is employed for        the 7^(th) through 12^(th) clock cycles—otherwise the normal        operating table 509 a 1, 709 a 1 is employed.

With respect to the last two row entries of FIG. 9 b, note that a formof priority of has been implemented with respect to the secondprotection group “PG2” of FIG. 7. That is, if both the W2 a and W2 bingress lines 703 ₄, 703 ₅ fail, the protection line P2 703 ₆ isconfigured to protect W2 a and not W2 b. As such, STS-1 signals will beselected for clock cycles 7, 8 and 9 but clock cycles 10, 11 and 12 willbe “empty” (which may result in their corresponding time slots beingfilled with squelch traffic (e.g., “dummy traffic”) by the framing andline interface unit 403 of FIG. 4 or some other ingress or egresschannel function).

Another possibility of empty clock cycles arises with respect to theunprotected W0 ingress line 703 ₁. That is, as the unprotected W0ingress line 703 ₁ does not have protection at the line level, therewill be no STS-1 signals to select from the backplane 505 (for linelevel protection) if the W0 working line goes down. Note that theunprotected working line W0 is still assigned a “protection group” value(PG0) which correlates to a “frozen” PG0 STAT A value of “1”. That is,the PG0 STAT A has no backup table to refer to for protection—so it onlyneeds to have one state (“1”) which refers to the normal operating table509 a 1, 709 a 1.

FIG. 9 c depicts an overview of the methodology discussed above.Referring to FIGS. 5, 9 a and 9 c, the lookup within the primaryprotection group table 508 a, 908 a described above is just one approachthat may be used to identify which protection group an ingress STS-1signal will be selected from in order to fill an egress time slot 901(i.e., identifying the applicable protection group). That is, to firstorder, each egress time slot may be correlated to the protection groupthat will supply the egress time slot with an ingress signal. Table 908a may be viewed as an embodiment of such a correlation.

Referring to FIGS. 5, 7, 8 a, 8 b, and 9 c, note that the transactionthrough the first multiplexer 507 a (e.g., providing a particularPGx_STAT_A value in response to the applicable protection group)corresponds to just one approach that may be used to identify a lookuptable that reflects where ingress signals from the identified protectiongroup may be found on a backplane 902. As discussed above, tables 709 a1, 809 a 2, 809 a 3 and 809 a 4 each indicate where ingress signals thatbelong to their protection group may be found on the backplane (basedupon a particular status of the protection group).

The specific table to be used for a protection group may change if thestatus of the protection group changes (e.g., a working line goes downcausing a protection line to carry its traffic). Note that the firstmultiplexer 507 a could be replaced by another lookup table that isupdated in light of changes to the state of a protection group. That isthe lookup input would correspond to the applicable protection group andthe lookup output would be the PGx_STAT_A value for the applicableprotection group.

Lastly, once the lookup table to be used for the protection group isidentified, a lookup is performed on the identified lookup table inorder to select an ingress signal from the backplane that fills theegress time slot. This corresponds to a lookup made on any of the W CCTables 509 a 1 through 509 aX in FIG. 5. The process is then repeatedfor the next egress time slot.

3.0 Path Level Protection

Recalling the overview provided at the onset of this detaileddescription and the discussion of line level protection provided justabove, note that a technique for generating the primary traffic stream407 of FIG. 4 has just been thoroughly discussed above. That is,referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the discussion of line level protection asimplemented through the manipulation of the first and secondmultiplexers 507 a, 504 a (which controls the STS-1 signal referencesmade along the primary select line 512) corresponds to the generation ofa primary traffic stream 407 (which appears at the primary output 525)that should be “unaffected” if one or more working STS-1 signals, thatare protected at the line level, go down.

Before initiating a detailed discussion of a technique for path levelprotection, referring to FIG. 4, recall that the primary traffic stream407 flows into the path level selection unit 402. In the most basiccase, path level protection is not provided for any of the STS-1 signalswithin the primary traffic stream 407. As such, no traffic appears onthe secondary line 426; and, the primary traffic stream 407 on theprimary line 425 is simply “repeated” by the path level selection unit402 as the egress traffic 409 on the egress traffic line 410.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment 602 of a design that may be used for the pathlevel selection unit 402 of FIG. 4. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, thestream of primary traffic is received at the primary traffic input 625and a stream of secondary traffic is received at the secondary input626. The stream of primary traffic corresponds to stream 407 of FIG. 4and the stream of secondary traffic (if any exists) corresponds tostream 408 of FIG. 4.

An egress slot clock 610 (which may be the same egress slot clock 510 asseen in FIG. 5) times the selection process of the STS-1 signalsprovided to the path level selection unit 602. That is, as discussedabove, each clock tick of the egress slot clock 610 corresponds to anext time slot in the stream of egress traffic that flows on egress line610. Note that this stream of egress traffic corresponds to stream 409of FIG. 4.

The egress slot clock 610 feeds a counter 611 (having a modulo n) which,in turn, controls the channel select of a first multiplexer 604. Theactivity of the counter provides, in a round robin fashion, each of themultiplexer 604 STS1_Select_x inputs to the multiplexer 604 output. Thatis, a first egress slot clock 610 tick will provide STS1_Select_1 at themultiplexer 604 output, a second egress slot clock 610 tick will provideSTS1_Select_2 at the multiplexer 604 output, a third egress slot clock610 tick will provide STS1_Select_3 at the multiplexer 604 output, etc.

In an embodiment, each STS1_Select_x signal may have one of three valuesthat determines whether the content of an egress traffic time slotcorresponds to a primary STS1 signal, a secondary STS1 signal or squelchtraffic (which is substantively empty or “dummy” traffic). A first valuecorresponds to the selection of the primary STS-1 signal that is locatedon the primary input 625 for the present egress clock cycle. A secondvalue corresponds to the selection of the secondary STS-1 signal (if oneexists) that is located on the secondary input 626 for the presentegress clock cycle . A third value corresponds to the submission ofsquelch traffic (i.e., for the present egress clock cycle).

The design approach of FIG. 6 therefore allows for easy implementationof the egress traffic as primary STS1 signals, secondary STS1 signals ora combination of both. For example, recall the most basic case alludedto above where path level protection is not provided for any of theSTS-1 signals within the primary traffic stream. As such, no trafficappears on the secondary line 626; and, the primary traffic stream onthe primary input 625 is simply “repeated” by the path level selectionunit 602 as the egress traffic on the egress traffic line 609.

In order to implement this configuration, each of the STS1_Select_xvalues are set to the same value; wherein, the value corresponds to theselection the first input 605 of the second multiplexer 603. As aresult, the egress traffic on the egress line 610 will mirror theprimary traffic on the primary input 625. Thus, such a configuration maybe employed if only line level protection exists (or no protection atall) for the STS-1 signals being presented on the primary input 625.

FIG. 10 a will be used to demonstrate an embodiment of how path levelprotection may be implemented. Specifically, FIG. 10 a shows anembodiment of a node 1031 having at least a pair of ingress channels1001 ₁, 1001 ₂ that each have a corresponding ingress network line“W/P1” 1003 ₁, and “W/P2” 1003 ₂. In the example of FIG. 10 a, twelveSTS1 signals are emitted from the egress channel 1012 ₁ (as egress STS1signals on the egress networking line 1004 ₁) that were originallyreceived as ingress STS-1 signals on either ingress line W/P1 1003 ₁ orW/P2 1003 ₂.

According to the path level protection scheme of FIG. 10 a, working andprotection STS-1 signals are cross referenced on the pair of ingresslines W/P1 1003 ₁ and W/P2 1003 ₂. That is, the first six STS1 signals(of the twelve mentioned above) are received as working signals on theW/P11 1003 ₁ line and may be referred to as W1_STS1_1 through W1_STS1_6.Their corresponding protection signals are received on the W/P2 line1003 ₂ and may be referred to as P1_STS1_1 through P1_STS1_6. Theseventh through twelfth STS1 signals (of the twelve mentioned above) arereceived as working signals on the W/P2 1003 ₂ line and may be referredto as W2_STS1_7 through W1 ₁₃ STS1_12. Their corresponding protectionsignals are received on the W/P1 line 1003 ₁ and may be referred to asP1_STS1_7 through P1_STS1_12.

As such, twelve working STS1 signals (W1_STS1_1 through W1_STS1_6 andW2_STS1_7 through W2_STS1_12) and twelve corresponding protection STS1signals (P2_STS1_1 through P2_STS1_6 and P2_STS1_7 through P2_STS1_12)are sent over the backplane 1005 to egress channel 1012 _(1.) Withrespect to the example described just above, FIG. 11 a corresponds to anembodiment 1109a1 of the contents within the normal operating workingtable W CC Table_(—)1 509 a 1 of FIG. 5; and, FIG. 11 b corresponds toan embodiment 1109b1 of the contents within the normal operatingprotection table P CC Table_(—)1 509 b of FIG. 5.

In accordance with the detailed discussion provided above with respectto the operation of the line level selection unit 501 of FIG. 5, it isclear that the table contents of FIGS. 11 a and 11 b will produce astream of backplane references for the working STS1 signals on theprimary select line 512; and, a stream of backplane references for theprotection STS1 signals on the secondary select line 511. As a result,the working STS1 signals will appear on the primary line 525 and theprotection STS1 signals will appear on the secondary line 526.

FIG. 12 shows various configurations for the path level selection unit602 embodiment of FIG. 6 in response to various STS1 signal conditionsassociated with exemplary configuration of FIG. 10 a and FIGS. 11 a and11 b. That is, FIG. 12 demonstrates a few examples of the STS1_Select_xinput settings for the first multiplexer 604. For example, the first rowof settings (all working paths “up”), corresponds to a situation whereall working STS1 signals are being received properly. In this case,there is no need to use any of the protection signals being received onthe secondary input 626; and, the egress line 609 may be configured torepeat all of the traffic being received on the primary input 625.

As such, as observed in FIG. 12, all of the STS1_Select_x input valueshave a value of “W” which enables the first input 605 of the secondmultiplexer 603. The second row of settings (W1_STS1_1 “down”),correspond to a situation where all working STS1 signals are beingreceived properly—except for the first working STS1 signal. In thiscase, there is a need to use the first protection STS1 signal beingreceived on the secondary input 626.

As such, as observed in FIG. 12, all of the STS1_Select_x input valueshave a value of “W” (which enables the first input 605 of the secondmultiplexer 603) except the STS1_Select_1 input value. The STS1_Select_1input has a value of “P” so that the first STS1 signal on the secondaryinput 626 is presented on the egress line 609. The remaining STS1signals are still being selected from the primary input 625.

The third row of settings (W1_STS1_5 “down” and W1_STS1_11 “down”),correspond to a situation where all working STS1 signals are beingreceived properly—except for the fifth and eleventh working STS1signals. In this case, there is a need to use the fifth and eleventhprotection STS1 signals being received on the secondary input 626. Assuch, as observed in FIG. 12, all of the STS1_Select_x input values havea value of “W” (which enables the first input 605 of the secondmultiplexer 603) except the STS1_Select_5 and STS1_Select_11 inputs. TheSTS1_Select_5 and the STS1_Select_11 inputs have a value of “P” so thatthe fifth and eleventh STS1 signals on the secondary input 626 arepresented on the egress line 609. The remaining STS1 signals are stillbeing selected from the primary input 625.

To review then, note the distinction between path level protection andline level protection. Line level protection can be used to support theloss of an entire line whereas path level protection can be used tosupport the loss of a single STS1 signal. As an example, referring tothe examples discussed above with respect to FIGS. 7 and 10, note thatline level protection applied when an ingress line (e.g., working lineW1 703 ₂) to the node 731 of FIG. 7 went down. By contrast, path levelprotection applied when a single ingress STS1 signal (e.g., workingingress signal W1_STS1_1) to the node 1031 of FIG. 10 a went down.

As such, as just one possible application, line level protection may beused to recover from the failure of a line that is coupled to the nodewhereas path level protection may be used to recover from the failure ofa line (or system) that is not coupled to the node. That is, if a linecoupled to the node goes down, the node tries to recover from the lossall of the STS1 signals on the line. However, if s distant or remotenetwork line (i.e., that is not coupled to the node) goes down, the nodeonly tries to recover of the loss of the STS1 signals on that line thatflow through the node.

Note that the two types of protection may be mixed together. That is, aworking STS-1 signal that appears on the primary line 425 of FIG. 4 mayreceive both line level protection (e.g., as described above withrespect to FIGS. 7 through 9 b) and path level protection (e.g., asdescribed above with respect to FIGS. 10 through 11 b). For example, theline level embodiment discussed above with respect to FIGS. 7 through 9b may be further modified to include path level protection for some (orall) of the working ingress STS1 signals received on working lines W0703 _(1,) W1 703 ₂, W2 a 703 ₄ and W2 b 703 ₅. The working ingress STS1signals that receive path level protection can have their corresponding,path level protection ingress STS1 signals received anywhere by the node(e.g., at other ingress channels and network lines that are not shown inFIG. 7).

Referring to FIG. 5, these path level protection ingress STS1 signalsmay be referenced within the normal operating protection table P CCTable 1 509 b 1 so that they are passed forward along the secondaryoutput 526. As such, line level protected STS1 signals will be presentedon the primary output 525 (as discussed in the example provided by FIGS.7 through 11 b) and path level protection signals will be presented onthe secondary output 526.

FIGS. 10 b and 10 c outline methodologies, at a high level, that may beexecuted by the egress channel 412 of FIG. 4 that has been thoroughlydescribed above. Referring to FIG. 10 a, a plurality of ingress signalsare selected 1050 from a backplane for transmission over an egress line.If an ingress signal goes down because it ingress line went down 1051and if the down ingress line is protected 1052 with a protection line,the down ingress signal is replaced 1053 with a line level protectionsignal that is also selected from the backplane. This methodology can bemostly viewed as being performed by the line level selection unit 401 ofFIG. 4.

If an ingress signal is still down 1054 and if the ingress signal isprotected at the path level 1055, the down ingress signal is replaced1056 with a path level protection signal that is also selected from thebackplane. This methodology, in part, can be mostly viewed as beingperformed by the path level selection unit 402 of FIG. 4. The pluralityof selected ingress signals, along with any replacement signals thathave been applied, are then transmitted 1057 over the egress line.

FIG. 10 c shows that a primary data stream may be generated by selecting1058 a plurality of working ingress signals from a backplane; and asecondary data stream may be generated by selecting 1059 path levelprotection signals (for the selected working ingress signals describedjust above) from a backplane. If a working ingress signal goes down 1060and if the down ingress signal is protected at the line level 1061, theprimary data stream is effectively mended by replacing 1063 the downingress signal with a line level protection signal that is also selectedfrom the backplane.

If the down ingress signal is not protected at the line level 1061 butis protected at the line level 1062, the primary data stream iseffectively mended by replacing 1064 the down ingress signal with a pathlevel protection signal that: 1) corresponds to the down ingress signal;and, 2) is provided by the secondary data stream. The primary datastream, including any “mends” as described just above, is thentransmitted over an egress network line 665.

In light of these methodologies, note that a line level protectionsignal corresponds to a signal received on a protection line thatprovides line level protection, a path level protection signal is asignal received by a system that protects (at the path level) anothersignal received by the node, and a working ingress signal is a signalreceived on an unprotected ingress line or a working ingress line thatis protected at the line level. A working ingress signal may alsocorrespond to a signal that is path protected by another ingress signalto the system.

4.0 Generation of Protected Signals

Up to now, the discussion has focused upon line level protection andpath level protection for ingress STS1 signals that have been receivedwith line level and/or path level protection. That is, no mention hasbeen made as to how the ingress network lines to the node wereconfigured, on their transmission side, so as to establish theseprotection schemes. The following discussion addresses how the egresschannel architecture 412 of FIG. 4 may be used to transmit line leveland path level protected signals.

FIG. 13 shows an exemplary embodiment of the “egress half” of a node1331 that transmits information having line level protection. Forconvenience, note that the nodal configuration of FIG. 13 corresponds toa networking system that could be transmitting to the networking system731 of FIG. 7. That is, positioning FIG. 13 to the left of FIG. 7: 1)egress channel 1312 ₁ of FIG. 13 communicates across networking line W01304 ₁, 703 ₁ to ingress channel 701 ₁ of FIG. 7; 2) egress channel 1312₂ of FIG. 13 communicates across networking line W1 1304 ₂, 703 ₂ toingress channel 701 ₂ of FIG. 7; 3) egress channel 1312 ₃ of FIG. 13communicates across networking line P1 1304 ₃, 703 ₃ to ingress channel701 ₃ of FIG. 7; 4) egress channel 1312 ₄ of FIG. 13 communicates acrossnetworking line W2 a 1304 ₄, 703 ₄ to ingress channel 701 ₄ of FIG. 7;5) egress channel 1312 ₅ of FIG. 13 communicates across networking lineW2 b 1304 ₅, 703 ₅ to ingress channel 701 ₅ of FIG. 7; and 6) egresschannel 1312 ₆ of FIG. 13 communicates across networking line P2 1304 ₆,703 ₆ to ingress channel 701 ₆ of FIG. 7.

Referring to FIG. 13, the unprotected W0 networking line 1304 ₁ does nothave protection and so a discussion of its protection signaling does notapply. Note, however, that the line level selection unit within egresschannel 1312 ₁ (e.g., line level selection unit 401 of FIG. 4) can beused to implement the portion of the switching fabric of node 1331 thatapplies to egress channel 1312 ₁. That is, the line level selection unitof egress channel 1312 ₁ can select the appropriate ingress STS1 signalsfrom the backplane 1305 that are to be transmitted over networking line1304 ₁.

Before discussing the 1+1 protection of the W1 working line 1304 ₂ (thatis offered by the P1 protection line 1304 ₃) and the 1:n protection ofthe W2 a and W2 b working lines 1304 ₄, 1304 ₅ (that is offered by theP2 protection line 1304 ₆) note that path level protection can beoffered in a manner similar to that described above. That is, path levelprotection can be offered simply by configuring a line to transmit eachindividual STS-1 signal that has “path level” protection status.Alternatively, STS-1 signals having “path level” protection status canbe dispersed over a number of separate lines (e.g., to fill up timeslots that would be unused otherwise).

For the W1 working line 1304 ₂, the line level selection unit of egresschannel 1312 ₂ can be configured to select the appropriate ingress STS1signals from the backplane 1305 that are to be transmitted overnetworking line 1304 ₂. Furthermore, recalling that the P1 protectionline 1304 ₃ corresponds to a 1+1 protection line for the W1 working line1304 ₂, egress channel 1312 ₃ can be configured to generate a 1+1protection line P1 by maintaining an identical configuration as thatmaintained by egress channel 1312 ₂. That is, referring briefly back toFIG. 5, if egress channel 1312 ₂ and egress channel 1313 ₃ maintainidentical copies of the primary protection group table 509 a, STAT Avalues and W CC Tables 1 509 a through X 509 ax, protection line P1 1304₃ will have an identical information flow as the W1 working line 1304 ₂.

FIGS. 14 a through 14 d and FIG. 15 relate to the configuration of theegress channel 1312 ₆ that supports the P2 1:n protection line forworking lines W2 a 1304 ₄ and W2 b 1304 ₅. Specifically, referring toFIG. 5 and FIGS. 14 a through 14 d, note that each of the figuresassociated with FIG. 14 provide a different W CC Table. That is: FIG. 14a corresponds to an embodiment 1409a1 of the contents for the W CCTable_(—)1 509 a 1 of FIG. 5; FIG. 14 b corresponds to an embodiment1409a2 of the contents for the W CC Table_(—)2 509 a 2 of FIG. 5; FIG.14 c corresponds to an embodiment 1409a3 of the contents for the W CCTable_(—)3 509 a 3 of FIG. 5; and FIG. 14 d corresponds to an embodiment1409a1 of the contents for the W CC Table_(—)4 (which is not drawn inFIG. 5).

The tables of FIG. 14 a through 14 d are configured according to aperspective that each STS1 signal being transmitted on the working linesW2 a and W2 b have two sources. For example, the first STS1 signaltransmitted on the W2 a working line 1304 ₄ may be viewed as beingreceived from a working source (e.g., a first ingress channel (notshown) within node 1331 of FIG. 13) and from a protection source (e.g.,a second ingress channel (not shown) within node 1331 of FIG. 13). Thebackplane reference to this STS1 signal from the working source may beencrypted as W2 a_STS1_W_1; and, the backplane reference to this STS1signal from the protection source may be encrypted as W2 a_STS1_P_1.

Note that the “working source” reference is listed within the firstegress slot entry in table 1409 a 1 of FIG. 14 a; and, the “protectionsource” reference is listed within the first egress slot entry in table1409 a 2 of FIG. 14 b. Looking at the organization of these two tables1409 a 1 and 1409 a 2, it is apparent that table 1409 a 1 of FIG. 14 acorresponds to a listing of the “working source” reference for each STS1signal within the W2 a working line 1304 ₄; and, table 1409 a 2 of FIG.14 b corresponds to a listing of the “protection source” reference foreach STS1 signal within the W2 a working line 1304 ₄.

Similarly, table 1409 a 3 of FIG. 14 c corresponds to a listing of the“working source” reference for each STS1 signal within the W2 b workingline 1304 ₅; and, table 1409 a 4 of FIG. 14 d corresponds to a listingof the “protection source” reference for each STS1 signal within the W2b working line 1304 ₅. Accordingly, in the simplest case, the workingsources for all of the STS1 signals on both working lines W2 a and W2 bare “up” when one of the working lines fails.

As such, if the W2 a working line 1304 ₄ fails when all of its workingsource references are “up”, Table 1409 a 1 of FIG. 14 a is immediatelyenabled by the protection egress channel 1312 ₆ of FIG. 13. For example,referring briefly back to FIG. 5, the second multiplexer 504 a isconfigured to select the output of the W CC Table_(—)1 table 509 a 1 assoon as possible after a failure of the W2a working line is detected. Asa result, the STS1 signals previously being transmitted along the W2 aworking line 1304 ₄ are effectively “switched over” so as to be sentover the P2 protection line 1304 ₆. This operation is consistent with1:n protection.

In a similar fashion, if the W2 b working line 1304 ₅ fails instead,Table 1409 a 3 of FIG. 14 c is quickly enabled by the protection egresschannel 1312 ₆ of FIG. 13. As a result, the STS1 signals previouslybeing transmitted along the W2 b working line 1304 ₅ are effectively“switched over” so as to be sent over the P2 protection line 1304 ₆.This is, again, consistent with the operation of the P2 protection line1304 ₆ as a 1:n protection line for working lines W2 a and W2 b.

FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of a primary protection group table 1508that may be used in cooperation with the 1:2 protection approachoutlined in FIGS. 14 a through 14 d. In FIG. 15 the primary protectiongroup table 1508 may be viewed as corresponding to the primaryprotection group table 508 a of FIG. 5; and, within FIG. 15, the firstmultiplexer 1507 may be viewed as corresponding to the first multiplexer507 a of FIG. 5 as well. Note the approach of FIG. 15 includes slightmodification to the approach of FIG. 5. For example, note the “third”multiplexer 1522 and summation unit 1511 between the egress slot clock1510 and the primary protection group table 1508.

The “second” multiplexer is not shown in FIG. 15 but may be viewed ascorresponding to the second multiplexer 504 a of FIG. 5. As such, notethat the output of the first mutliplexer 1507 flows to the secondmutliplexer (beyond the comparison unit 1513 and second summation unit1514). The comparison unit 1513, second summation unit 1514 and fourthmultiplexer 1515 represent an additional modification to the designembodiment of FIG. 5. Accordingly, these modifications are discussed inmore detail below.

The primary protection group table 1508 of FIG. 15 may be viewed ashaving two separate tables. A first table 1550 between egress slotreferences 1 to n; and, a second table 1551 between egress slotreferences n+1 and 2n. The first table 1550 may be viewed as a listingof the applicable protection group (similar to those described withrespect to FIG. 9 a) for each STS-1 signal sent over working egress lineW2 a 1304 ₄ of FIG. 13; and, the second table 1551 may be viewed as alisting of the applicable protection group for each STS-1 signal sentover working egress line W2 b 1304 ₅ of FIG. 13. Note that theseprotection groups are those that reside on the ingress half of node 1331(which is not shown in FIG. 13). As such, no depiction of theseprotection groups has been drawn.

Keeping in mind that the primary protection group embodiment 1508 ofFIG. 15 applies to the protection egress channel 1312 ₆ of FIG. 13,table 1550 will be “read from” if the W2 a working line 1304 ₄ goes downor; alternatively, table 1551 will be read from if the W2 b working line1304 ₅ goes down. As a result, consistent with proper operation of a 1:2protection line, protection egress line 13046 will transmit the signalsoriginally sent by working line W2 a if working line W2 a goes down orthe signals originally sent by working line W2 b if working line W2 bgoes down.

The different tables are read from by modulating the egress slot clock1510 count. That is, if the W2 a working line goes down, the thirdmultiplexer 1522 will enable its “A” input (which has the effect ofadding a 0 to the egress slot clock 1510 count. As such, egress slotvalues between 1 and n will be looked up from the primary protectiongroup table 1508 (which corresponds to the use of table 1550). If the W2b working line goes down, the third multiplexer 1522 will enable its “B”input (which has the effect of adding “n” to the egress slot clock 1510count. As such, egress slot values between n+1 and 2n will be looked upfrom the primary protection group table 1508 (which corresponds to theuse of table 1551). Note that counter counts between 1 and n.

Thus applicable protection group values, for whichever downed workingline goes down, will be applied to the channel select input of the firstmultiplexer 1507. Accordingly, the inputs to the first mutliplexer willreflect the status of their corresponding protection group. Implicit inthese values is whether or not an ingress signal is currently beingreceived upon its working line or its protection line (recalling thatthese values change if a protection group has to “switchover” to itsprotection line).

The third column in the primary protection group table (“ProtectedTraffic Indicator”) indicates, for each applicable protection group(e.g., PG0 for egress slots 1, 2 and 3 in table 1550), which STAT_Avalue would be present if the source for the desired ingress signal ateach egress time slot was “switched over” from its working ingress lineto its “protection” ingress line. That is, as described above, thePGx_STAT_A inputs to the first multiplexer 1507 indicate which W CCtable should be used for each possible state of its correspondingprotection group (as described with respect to FIG. 9 c).

As such, its value is indicative as to whether or not an ingress signalis being received upon its working line or its protection line.According to the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 15, if the ingresssignal is being received with its protection line, the Protected TrafficIndicator (within the protection group table 1508) will “match” theSTAT_A value presented at the output of the first multiplexer 1507. Forexample, if the first STS-1 signal in table 1550 (at egress slot clock1) is going to be received by node 1331 with its protection line (ratherthan its working line), the value of PG1_STAT_A will be a “3”.

As such, a comparison of this STAT_A value with its Protection TrafficIndicator value will “match” (because a “3” is listed as the ProtectionTraffic Indicator value for the first ingress STS-1 signal in table1550). Accordingly, a “match” at the output of the comparator 1513 isdesigned to trigger the use of the “protection” source W CC Table (whichcorresponds to W CC Table_(—)2 1409 a 2 of FIG. 14 b for this example).If a “match” does not exist at the comparator 1513 output, then thefirst STS-1 signal destined associated with the W2 a working line isbeing received from its working source rather than its protectionsource. As such, a “match” at the output of the comparator 1513 isdesigned to trigger the use of the “working” source W CC Table (whichcorresponds to W CC Table_(—)1 1409 a 1 of FIG. 14 a for this example).

The logic flowing from the comparator 1513 allows for the proper W CCtables to be referenced in light of the STAT_A values and whether or notthe W2 a or W2 b egress working lines have gone down. Specifically, thelack of a match at the comparator output will produce a “0” which isthen incremented to a “1” by adder 1516. If the W2 a working egress lineis down, the “A” channel of the fourth multiplexer 1515 will be enabledwhich has no effect on the adder 1516 output (because only a “0” isadded by summation unit 1514). As such, the second multiplexer (notshown) will receive a value of “1” which corresponds to the selection ofW CC Table_(—)1 1409 a 1 of FIG. 14 a.

Correspondingly, if there is a “match” at the comparator 1513 output andthe W2 a egress working line is down, the adder 1516 output will be a“2” and the summation unit 1514 will be a “2”. As such, the secondmultiplexer (not shown) will receive a value of “1” which corresponds tothe selection of W CC Table_(—)2 1409 a 2 of FIG. 14 b. As such, forworking line W2 a, the working source is properly selected from if anSTS-1 signal is still being received on its working source and theprotection source is properly selected from if an STS-1 signal is beingreceived from its protection source. If the W2 b working line goes down,the fourth muliplxer 1515 will employ channel “B” which bumps up theadder 1516 output values to “3” or “4” (depending on whether or not amatch exists) which corresponds to selection with W CC Table_(—)3 1409 a3 or W CC Table_(—)4 1409 a 4 of FIGS. 14 c and 14 d.

5.0 Additional Notes

It is important to point out a few comments that follow immediatelybelow. To first order, note that although the exemplary circuit diagramsand examples provided above have been limited to an STS-1 resolutionlevel. That is, a basic signal that is handled or referenced is an STS-1signal. In alternate embodiments, a basic signal that is handled orreferenced may be a signal other than an STS-1 signal. For example, ifSDH frames rather than SONET frames are employed, a basic signal may bean STM-1 signal rather than an STS-1 signal.

Furthermore, a basic signal may be resolved to a finer degree ofresolution than an STS-1 or STM-1 signal (e.g., by individuallyrecognizing fractional segments of STS-1 or STM-1 signals) to a signalhaving a slower data rate than an STS-1 or STM-1 signal. Further still,a basic signal may be resolved to a courser degree of resolution than anSTS-1 or STM-1 signal (e.g., by individually recognizing groupings ofSTS-1 or STM-1 signals) to a signal having a higher data rate than anSTS-1 or STM-1 signal.

Note also that the various tables shown (e.g., as in FIG. 5) may beimplemented not only as separate memories or registers (with uniqueinputs and outputs) but also within in a common memory (such as the samememory region of a semiconductor chip or the same memory chip) or commonregister. For example, the individual tables 509 a 1 through 509 aXobserved in FIG. 5 may actually be implemented as different portions ofthe same memory. As such, the input and outputs of these differenttables may correspond to different addresses rather than differentelectrical lines. Alternatively, the different inputs and outputs ofthese tables may correspond to different ports of the same memory. Notealso that alternatives to the first and second multiplexers 507 a, 504 amay exist as well. For example, memory address generation logic mayreplace the first and second multiplexers 507 a, 504 a as well as otherlogic circuitry that performs the proper lookups from the tables.

Furthermore, note that actual detection of whether various network linesare “up” or “down”, the updating of various tables entries (in responsethereto or otherwise), and the setting of various input values or otherparameters (such as the PGx_STAT_A variables of FIG. 5 and theSTS1_Select_x variables of FIG. 6) may be performed or otherwiseaffected by configuration and/or maintenance software that runs on thenetworking system. The configuration and/or maintenance software mayexecute, be a part of, relate to, or otherwise cooperate with the APSprotocol described in the background. The configuration and/ormaintenance function may also be implemented, in varying degreesdepending on the embodiment, in hardware rather than software.

Note also that embodiments of the present description may be implementednot only within a semiconductor chip or a plurality of semiconductorchips but also within machine readable media. For example, the designsdiscussed above may be stored upon and/or embedded within machinereadable media associated with a design tool used for designingsemiconductor devices. Examples include a netlist formatted in the VHSICHardware Description Language (VHDL) language, Verilog language or SPICElanguage. Some netlist examples include: a behaviorial level netlist, aregister transfer level (RTL) netlist, a gate level netlist and atransistor level netlist. Machine readable media also include mediahaving layout information such as a GDS-II file. Furthermore, netlistfiles or other machine readable media for semiconductor chip design maybe used in a simulation environment to perform the methods of theteachings described above.

Thus, it is also to be understood that embodiments of this invention maybe used as or to support a software program executed upon some form ofprocessing core (such as the CPU of a computer) or otherwise implementedor realized upon or within a machine readable medium. A machine readablemedium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information ina form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machinereadable medium includes read only memory (ROM); random access memory(RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memorydevices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagatedsignals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.);etc.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however,be evident that various modifications and changes may be made theretowithout departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention asset forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are,accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictivesense.

1. An apparatus, comprising: a) a line level selection unit that forms aprimary traffic stream and a secondary traffic stream, said primarytraffic stream comprising a plurality of signals that are received onone or more working or protection ingress lines, said secondary trafficstream comprising the path level protection signal for each of those ofsaid signals within said primary traffic stream having path levelprotection; and b) a path level selection unit that receives saidprimary traffic stream and said secondary traffic stream and forms anegress traffic stream by replacing, with its corresponding path levelprotection signal, any of those of said signals within said primarytraffic stream having path level protection that have failed.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1 further comprising a framing and line interfaceunit that transmits said egress traffic stream onto one or more egresslines.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said one or more egress linesfurther comprises a copper line.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2 whereinsaid one or more egress lines further comprises a fiber optic cable. 5.The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said apparatus if a networking systemthat resides within a network.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein saidprimary traffic stream and said secondary stream are time divisionmultiplexed streams.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said line levelselection unit can select said plurality of signals from a backplane inorder to help form said primary traffic stream.
 8. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein each of said plurality of signals are a SONET signal. 9.The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said SONET signal further comprises anSTS-1 signal.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each of saidplurality of signals are a SDH signal.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10wherein said SDH signal further comprises an STM-1 signal.
 12. Theapparatus of claim 1 wherein said line level selection unit and pathlevel selection unit are part of an egress channel that resides on aline card that can be plugged into a networking system.
 13. The egresschannel of claim 12 wherein said line card further comprises an ingresschannel.
 14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said line card is pluggedinto said networking system and said networking system is acting as anode within a network.
 15. An apparatus, comprising: a) a line levelselection unit that forms a primary traffic stream and a secondarytraffic stream, said primary traffic stream comprising a plurality ofsignals that are received on one or more working or protection ingresslines, said secondary traffic stream comprising the path levelprotection signal for each of those of said signals within said primarytraffic stream having path level protection, said line level selectionunit tailored to have a table that indicates where at least a portion ofsaid plurality of signals can be found on a backplane so that said atleast a portion of said plurality of signals can be selected from saidbackplane to help form said primary traffic stream; and b) a path levelselection unit that receives said primary traffic stream and saidsecondary traffic stream and forms an egress traffic stream byreplacing, with its corresponding path level protection signal, any ofthose of said signals within said primary traffic stream having pathlevel protection that have failed.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15 whereinsaid table can be configured to correlate each of said portion ofsignals within said primary traffic stream to the particular time slotwithin which it will be transported.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15wherein said table can be configured to indicate where the workingsignal for each of said plurality of signals can be found on saidbackplane.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said table can beconfigured to indicate where the protection signal for each of those ofsaid plurality of signals that are received on a first working ingressline can be found on said backplane, each said protection signal beingreceived on a first protection ingress line.
 19. The apparatus of claim18 wherein said first working ingress line and said first protectioningress line form a 1+1 protection group.
 20. The apparatus of claim 18wherein said table can be configured to also indicate where the workingsignal for each of those of said plurality of signals that are receivedon a second working ingress line can be found on said backplane whereinsaid first working ingress line, said second working ingress line andsaid protection ingress line form at least part of a 1:n protectiongroup.
 21. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said line level selectionunit can be tailored to have a plurality of cross connect tables thateach indicate where at least a portion of said signals can be found onsaid backplane, wherein: 1) said table is one of said plurality of crossconnect tables, said table a working cross connect table that indicateswhere the working signal for each of said plurality of signals can befound on said backplane; and 2) an additional cross connect table istailored for each of said one or more working ingress lines that isprotected, each said additional cross connect table indicating where onsaid backplane the protection signal can be found for each of those ofsaid plurality of signals that are received on a particular workingingress line of said one or more working ingress lines, wherein saidparticular working ingress line is protected.
 22. The apparatus of claim21 wherein said line level selection unit can be tailored to have aprotection group table that correlates each of said plurality of signalsto the particular protection group to which each of said plurality ofsignals belongs.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein said line levelselection unit, for each of said plurality of signals: 1) looks up, fromsaid protection group table, the particular protection group to which asignal belongs; and 2) looks up a status value for the said particularprotection group to which said signal belongs, said status valueindicating which cross connect table of said plurality of cross connecttables are to be used for selecting said signal from said backplane. 24.The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said line level selection unit istailored to have a second table that indicates where those of saidsignals within said primary traffic stream having path level protectioncan be found on said backplane so that the path level protection signalfor each of those of said signals within said primary traffic streamhaving path level protection can be selected from said backplane to helpform said secondary traffic stream.
 25. The apparatus of claim 15wherein said path level selection unit further comprises a multiplexerthat receives said primary traffic stream at a first channel input andreceives said secondary traffic stream at a second channel input,wherein said multiplexer has an output that provides said egress trafficstream, wherein said multiplexer has a channel select input thatreceives a value for each of said plurality of signals to indicate whichof said inputs is to be enabled for that signal.
 26. A method,comprising: a) forming a primary traffic stream and a secondary trafficstream, said primary traffic stream comprising a plurality of signalsthat are received on one or more working or protection ingress lines,said secondary traffic stream comprising the path level protectionsignal for each of those of said signals within said primary trafficstream having path level protection; and b) forming an egress trafficstream by replacing, with its corresponding path level protection signalfrom said secondary traffic stream, any of those of said signals withinsaid primary traffic stream having path level protection that havefailed.
 27. The method of claim 26 further comprising framing saidegress traffic stream into a SONET frame.
 28. The method of claim 27wherein each of said signals is an STS-1 signal.
 29. The method of claim26 further comprising framing said egress traffic stream into an SDHframe.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein each of said signals is anSTM-1 signal.
 31. The method of claim 26 wherein said primary trafficstream and said secondary traffic stream are time division multiplexedstreams.
 32. The method of claim 26 wherein forming said primary trafficstream further comprises selecting said plurality of signals from abackplane.
 33. A method, comprising: a) forming a primary traffic streamand a secondary traffic stream, said primary traffic stream comprising aplurality of signals that are received on one or more working orprotection ingress lines, said secondary traffic stream comprising thepath level protection signal for each of those of said signals withinsaid primary traffic stream having path level protection, wherein saidforming said primary traffic stream further comprises: 1) looking upfrom a table an indication, for each of at least a portion of saidplurality of signals, where each of said at least a portion of saidplurality of signals can be found on a backplane; and 2) selecting fromsaid backplane each of said at least a portion of said plurality ofsignals to help form said at least a portion of said primary trafficstream; and b) forming an egress traffic stream by replacing, with itscorresponding path level protection signal from said secondary trafficstream, any of those of said signals within said primary traffic streamhaving path level protection that have failed.
 34. The method of claim33 wherein said table correlates each of said portion of said pluralityof signals within said primary traffic stream to the particular timeslot within which it will be transported.
 35. The method of claim 33wherein said table indicates where the working signal for each of saidplurality of signals can be found on said backplane.
 36. The method ofclaim 33 wherein said table indicates where the protection signal foreach of those of said plurality of signals that are received on a firstworking ingress line can be found on said backplane, each saidprotection signal being received on a first protection ingress line. 37.The method of claim 36 wherein said first working ingress line and saidfirst protection ingress line form a 1+1 protection group.
 38. Themethod of claim 36 wherein said table also indicates where the workingsignal for each of those of said plurality of signals that are receivedon a second working ingress line can be found on said backplane whereinsaid first working ingress line, said second working ingress line andsaid protection ingress line form at least part of a 1:n protectiongroup.
 39. The method of claim 33 further comprising configuring aplurality of cross connect tables that each indicate where at least aportion of said signals can be found on said backplane, wherein: 1) saidtable is one of said plurality of cross connect tables, said table aworking cross connect table that indicates where the working signal foreach of said plurality of signals can be found on said backplane; and 2)an additional cross connect table is configured for each of said one ormore working ingress lines that is protected, each said additional crossconnect table indicating where on said backplane the protection signalcan be found for each of those of said plurality of signals that arereceived on a particular working ingress line of said one or moreworking ingress lines, wherein said particular working ingress line isprotected.
 40. The method of claim 39 further comprising configuring aprotection group table that correlates each of said plurality of signalsto the particular protection group to which each of said plurality ofsignals belongs.
 41. The method of claim 40 further comprising, for eachof said plurality of signals: 1) looking up, from said protection grouptable, the particular protection group to which a signal belongs; and 2)looking up a status value for the said particular protection group towhich said signal belongs, said status value indicating which crossconnect table of said plurality of cross connect tables are to be usedfor selecting said signal from said backplane.
 42. The method of claim33 further comprising looking up indications from a second table wherethose of said signals within said primary traffic stream having pathlevel protection can be found on said backplane.
 43. The method of claim42 further comprising selecting those of said signals within saidprimary traffic stream having path level protection from said backplanewith said indications so that said primary traffic stream having pathlevel protection can be selected from said backplane to help form saidsecondary traffic stream.
 44. An apparatus, comprising: a) a firstegress channel, comprising: 1) a first line level selection unit thatforms a first primary traffic stream and a first secondary trafficstream, said first primary traffic stream comprising a first pluralityof signals that are received on one or more working or protectioningress lines, said first secondary traffic stream comprising the pathlevel protection signal for each of those of said first signals withinsaid first primary traffic stream having path level protection; 2) afirst path level selection unit that receives said first primary trafficstream and said first secondary traffic stream and forms a first egresstraffic stream by replacing, with its corresponding path levelprotection signal, any of those of said first signals within said firstprimary traffic stream having path level protection that have failed;and b) a second egress channel, comprising: 1) a second line levelselection unit that forms a second primary traffic stream and a secondsecondary traffic stream, said second primary traffic stream comprisinga second plurality of signals that are received on one or more workingor protection ingress lines, said second secondary traffic streamcomprising the path level protection signal for each of those of saidsecond signals within said second primary traffic stream having pathlevel protection; 2) a second path level selection unit that receivessaid second primary traffic stream and said second secondary trafficstream and forms a second egress traffic stream by replacing, with itscorresponding path level protection signal, any of those of said secondsignals within said second primary traffic stream having path levelprotection that have failed.
 45. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein saidfirst egress channel further comprises a first framing and lineinterface unit that transmits said first egress traffic stream onto oneor more egress lines.
 46. The apparatus of claim 45 wherein said one ormore egress lines further comprises a copper line.
 47. The apparatus ofclaim 45 wherein said one or more egress lines further comprises a fiberoptic cable.
 48. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said apparatus if anetworking system that resides within a network.
 49. The apparatus ofclaim 44 wherein said first primary traffic stream and said firstsecondary stream are time division multiplexed streams.
 50. Theapparatus of claim 44 wherein said first line level selection unit canselect said first plurality of signals from a backplane in order to helpform said first primary traffic stream.
 51. The apparatus of claim 44wherein each of said first and second plurality of signals is a SONETsignal.
 52. The apparatus of claim 51 wherein said SONET signal furthercomprises an STS-1 signal.
 53. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein each ofsaid first and second plurality of signals are a SDH signal.
 54. Theapparatus of claim 53 wherein said SDH signal further comprises an STM-1signal.
 55. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said first egress channelresides on a first line card that can be plugged into a networkingsystem and said second egress channel resides on a second line card thatcan be plugged into said networking system.
 56. The egress channel ofclaim 55 wherein said first line card further comprises a first ingresschannel and said second line card further comprises a second ingresschannel.
 57. The apparatus of claim 56 wherein each of said line cardaare plugged into said networking system and said networking system isacting as a node within a network.
 58. The apparatus of claim 44 whereinsaid first and second egress streams form a 1+1 protection group. 59.The apparatus of claim 58 wherein said first and second egress streamshave the same signals.
 60. The apparatus of claim 42 further comprising:a) a third egress channel, comprising: 1) a third line level selectionunit that forms a third primary traffic stream and a third secondarytraffic stream, said third primary traffic stream comprising a thirdplurality of signals that are received on one or more working orprotection ingress lines, said third secondary traffic stream comprisingthe path level protection signal for each of those of said third signalswithin said third primary traffic stream having path level protection;and 2) a third path level selection unit that receives said thirdprimary traffic stream and said third secondary traffic stream and formsa third egress traffic stream by replacing, with its corresponding pathlevel protection signal, any of those of said third signals within saidthird primary traffic stream having path level protection that havefailed.
 61. The apparatus of claim 60 wherein said first, second andthird egress streams form at least a portion of a 1:n protection group.62. The apparatus of claim 61 wherein said third egress channel feeds anegress line that acts as the protection line for said 1:n protectiongroup, wherein said third line selection unit further comprises a firstpair of tables for said first egress channel and a second pair of tablesfor said second egress channel, wherein: 1) said first pair of tablescomprises: a) a first table that indicates where the working signals ofsaid first plurality of signals for said first primary traffic streamcan be found on said backplane; b) a second table that indicates wherethe path level protection signals for those of said first primarytraffic stream signals having path level protection can be found on saidbackplane; and 2) said second pair of tables comprises: a) a first tablethat indicates where the working signals of said second plurality ofsignals for said second primary traffic stream can be found on saidbackplane; b) a second table that indicates where the path levelprotection signals for those of said second primary traffic streamsignals having path level protection can be found on said backplane. 63.A method, comprising: a) forming a first primary traffic stream and afirst secondary traffic stream, said first primary traffic streamcomprising a first plurality of signals that are received on one or moreworking or protection ingress lines, said first secondary traffic streamcomprising the path level protection signal for each of those of saidfirst signals within said first primary traffic stream having path levelprotection; b) forming a first egress traffic stream by replacing, withits corresponding path level protection signal from said first secondarytraffic stream, any of those of said first signals within said firstprimary traffic stream having path level protection that have failedwhile c) forming a second primary traffic stream and a second secondarytraffic stream, said second primary traffic stream comprising a secondplurality of signals that are received on one or more working orprotection ingress lines, said second secondary traffic streamcomprising the path level protection signal for each of those of saidsecond signals within said second primary traffic stream having pathlevel protection; and d) forming a second egress traffic stream byreplacing, with its corresponding path level protection signal from saidsecond secondary traffic stream, any of those of said second signalswithin said second primary traffic stream having path level protectionthat have failed.
 64. The method of claim 63 further comprising framingsaid first egress traffic stream into a SONET frame.
 65. The method ofclaim 64 wherein each of said signals is an STS-1 signal.
 66. The methodof claim 63 further comprising framing said first egress traffic streaminto an SDH frame.
 67. The method of claim 66 wherein each of saidsignals is an STM-1 signal.
 68. The method of claim 63 wherein saidfirst and second primary traffic streams and said first and secondsecondary traffic streams are time division multiplexed streams.
 69. Themethod of claim 63 wherein forming said first and second primary trafficstreams further comprises selecting said plurality of signals from abackplane.
 70. The method of claim 63 wherein said first and secondegress streams form a 1+1 protection group.
 71. The method of claim 63wherein said first and second egress streams have the same signals. 72.The method of claim 63 further comprising: a) recognizing a failure ordegradation of an egress networking line over which said first egresstraffic stream is transmitted; and b) in response to saidrecognizing: 1) forming a third primary traffic stream and a thirdsecondary traffic stream, said third primary traffic stream comprising athird plurality of signals that are received on one or more working orprotection ingress lines, said third secondary traffic stream comprisingthe path level protection signal for each of those of said third signalswithin said third primary traffic stream having path level protection;and 2) forming a third egress traffic stream by replacing, with itscorresponding path level protection signal from said third secondarytraffic stream, any of those of said third signals within said thirdprimary traffic stream having path level protection that have failed.73. The method of claim 72 wherein said first, second and third egressstreams form at least a portion of a 1:n protection group.
 74. Themethod of claim 73 wherein said first plurality of signals is the sameas said third plurality of signals.
 75. An egress channel, comprising: aline level selection unit that selects signals from a backplane, saidline level selection unit having a clock that times egress time slotsassociated with an egress network line coupled to said egress channel,said egress channel having primary protection group table thatcorrelates said egress time slots to a protection group for each ingresssignal used to fill said egress time slots, said protection group tablehaving an output coupled to a channel select input of a firstmultiplexer, said first multiplexer having input values that reflect thestatus of each said protection group for each said ingress signal, saidfirst multiplexer having an output coupled to a channel select input ofa second multiplexer, said second multiplexer receiving a plurality ofinputs from a plurality of tables that indicate where an ingress signalmay be found on said backplane.